Analysis Of Heraclitus The Mind Of God - 1574 Words

When looking at pre-Socratic philosophers, Heraclitus stands out among the crowd. Known for his obscure and highly confusing way of thinking, Heraclitus bashed many other philosophers and historians of his time, even calling Homer ignorant, mainly because he believed that they failed to recognize the unity between experiences. He believed that in observation was necessary in the search for knowledge, but it is necessary to go beyond the observation presented. The basis of Heraclitus’ philosophy is based on what he called â€Å"logos†. He believed that there is a rational structure that controls the universe, and that this structure is the origin that everything arose out of. Logos was for Heraclitus â€Å"the mind of God†, because it is a rational force within nature, and instead of being a supernatural force, it is entirely natural. Heraclitus believed that without understanding logos, you couldn’t make sense of your experiences. You had to suppose that t his â€Å"logos† was just a part of everyday life, just as common as something such as food or clothes are. Heraclitus compared people that didn’t understand his theory and belief of logos to sleepers, or people whose minds were not yet open and awake. He believed that most people were these sleepers, and that the majority of people lacked understanding. Those who were able to understand the way that he did were enlightened in their experiences: if one could interpret the senses they were provided, they were then open to understanding.Show MoreRelatedParmenides and Heraclitus5510 Words   |  23 PagesThis paper looks at two Greek philosophers, Heraclitus, and Parmenides. It examines their different theories as to how the universe was created, understanding of the universe, way of truth, way of opinion and the third way. The author explains that Parmenides, who came after Heraclitus, addressed part of his writings as a refutation of Heraclitus? views. 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A History Of The World - 1149 Words

In Tom Standage’s novel, â€Å"A History of the World in 6 Glasses†, he discusses the growth of the world through the discovery and creation of some of the most popular beverages in their places of origin. He discusses each beverage where it was created, and how it affected the country socially, religiously, and politically. He starts off in at the beginning of time in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Standage discusses one of the first world-known beverages; beer. He begins talking about the collection of cereal grains, farming, migration, and the civilizations that were first created next to rivers in these areas. Standage explains, â€Å"In both cultures, beer was a staple foodstuff without which no meal was complete. It was consumed by everyone, rich and poor, men and women, adults and children, from the top of the social pyramid to the bottom. It was truly the defining drink of these first great civilizations (30). It was use in social situations, as a form of currency, rel igious offering, and it was soon discovered that it was safer to drink than water, which was often contaminated. He explains the social and religious situations that Beer was used here during the earliest of times. Next, Standage discusses the discovery of wine through Roman and Greek culture. At first, wine went hand-in-hand with social class because of how expensive and difficult to find it was. While the commoners drank beer, the wealthy and in-charge drank wine to prove their power. It was consumed in GreekShow MoreRelatedThe World Of World History1422 Words   |  6 Pages Glimpse of world history features a span of perspective of the world as it develops throughout time to where it was presently at. Nehru while in prison tried to find a bound with his daughter. In order to connect to the outside world and be close with his daughter he decided to share his vast knowledge of the world through letters with his daughter. 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Beer was acknowledged from moisteningRead MoreA History Of The World1200 Words   |  5 Pages In A History of the World in Six Glasses, Standage discusses how beer and wine are made in terms of the ingredients and how each beverage is related to each social class. The ingredients are what differentiate one beverage from another beverage. An Ingredient is the main component that makes the beverage unique and gives it an identity. An ingredient is what makes people to choose a beverage from wide range of options. An ingredient gives the color, the texture and the taste to a bever ageRead MoreA History Of The World1811 Words   |  8 PagesJonathan Lund Mr. O’Donnell Period 3 16 December 2014 A History of the World in Six Glasses BEER 1. The discovery of beer is linked to the first civilizations because it led to the domestication of cereal grains, the development of farming, early migrations, and the development of river valley societies in Egypt and Mesopotamia. 2. The history of beer in the ancient world tells us that the early civilizations used beer from when they were born to when they died. Beer used to be a currency and aRead MoreA History Of The World1811 Words   |  8 PagesJonathan Lund Mr. O’Donnell Period 3 15 December 2014 A History of the World in Six Glasses BEER 1. The discovery of beer is linked to the first civilizations because it led to the domestication of cereal grains, the development of farming, early migrations, and the development of river valley societies in Egypt and Mesopotamia. 2. The history of beer in the ancient world tells us that the early civilizations used beer from when they were born to when they died. Beer used to be a currency and aRead MoreChanges Throughout History : World History1003 Words   |  5 Pages Paige Dispalatro Ms. Molina World History Period 0 27 May 2016 Changes Throughout History The past has always influenced the future in which many generations will live in. 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Monitoring Information Security Risks †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Monitoring Information Security Risks. Answer: Introduction: The proper uses of information technology mainly done as unavoidable to do the formation of different issues that mainly related with the security and privacy of VIC Government. It also discussed that the Victorian Government mainly needs the proper development of different concise and improved processes so that it can easily deals with all risks factors. Apart from that, it also discussed about the formation of operations that directly implies all smart processing and effective processes in the organization (Xu Dinev, 2012). Below is the diagram that mainly shows different risks factors that related with the risk operations of VIC Government: The picture of concern and risk analysis of Victorian Government mainly showed the uses of proper Information System to do the implication and management of different advanced processes. Some of the components of VIC Government include VIC Government, Security requirements, Security threats, Risk Assessment and different vulnerabilities (Garrick Hall, 2014). VIC Government: the Victorian Government mainly symbolizes about both the members and users of Government that mainly uses about information system and also implies about the increase rate of different related operations efficiency (United Nations, 2012). However, the system development also eases all related operations of organization as well as their suggestions that mainly helps to have improvement in performance of organization (Jain Shanbhag, 2012). Information System: The information system mainly implies to integrate the proper development of different related operations that mainly helps to form an efficient information processing. Moreover, the system processing mainly results to employ better processing of data as well as information for the proper guidance of effective flow of information (Boyle, 2012). Apart from that, the system processing mainly implies to form better data processing as well as development (Wangwe, Eloff Venter, 2012). Risk Factors: Different types of risk factors that mainly affect the information processing of information within the organization network. Both the vulnerabilities and threats that mainly results to the integration of different developmental operational issues of organization. Joseph (2012) discussed that the security control system of VIC Government mainly includes about the formation of systematic control based on issues and errors. All types of threats and vulnerabilities causes some serious effect on developmental issues related to the functionalities of Victorian Government. The system requirement causes some serious errors depending on the growth factors of smart as well as effective operations (Karokola, Kowalski Yngstrm, 2013). Apart from that, it also discussed about system errors, privacy interference as well as data thefts become some factors of security threats of organizational development (Sitaram Manjunath, 2012). It also discussed about improved as well as effectiv e procedures that mainly caused more influence based on the obstacles of different risks factors. External and Internal Risks: all types of risks, vulnerabilities and threats mainly forms development of different issues that mainly helps to form various important operations occurred in an organization. Some risks of the information system of Victorian Government are mainly get categorized in both internal and external risks (Ofgem, 2012). Collier and Lakoff (2015) elaborated that internal risks are mainly developed from different types of internal vulnerabilities and threats like spamming, technical risks, un-authorized access, Denial of Services etc. All these risks factors mainly imply different technical errors in the organization operation system. On the other hand, external risks take account of different cyber criminal activities as well as different user generated technical errors (Karokola, Kowalski Yngstrm, 2013). All the errors are mainly occurred outside of system and also results of the formation of threats to system development. Risk Assessment: the risk assessment mainly helps in the development process of security risk management. It also implies for the development of smart risk analysis to form both smart processing and effective analysis of information (van Deursen, Buchanan Duff, 2013). Apart from that, Garrick and Hall (2014) pointed out that risk assessment mainly consists of different evaluation techniques, documentation analysis, and different risks identification techniques. All risk assessment techniques mainly involves the occurrence of improved processes as well as designing techniques (Amin, Schwartz Hussain, 2013). The evaluation and analysis of all risks factors mainly helps to form combined operations in VIC Government. Categorization of Risks and Identification of the Exposure Area All types of risks are mainly categorised in different types of internal and external risk factors that mainly helped to develop proper analysis of risk assessment. It also discussed that the VIC Government mainly deployed information processing techniques to form different improved processes of data processing (Fan, Zhang Yen, 2014). On the other hand, in the organization it mainly occurs different risks assessment factors of VIC Government like potential risk, malware, vulnerabilities, security risks, data thefts, phishing, and spamming, un-authorized access etc (Choi, Chun Cho, 2014). Some the risks are mainly categorised in medium-high, medium-low as well as low risk exposure. Risk Type Description Example High risk exposure areas The high risk exposure areas mainly creates vital and significant impacts on all VIC Government operations. The high risk exposure areas are given more priority to be rectified and treated in the operational system of project (Al-ahmad Mohammad, 2014). Different privacy concerns, data theft, security vulnerabilities, are some example of high risk exposure areas. Medium risk exposure areas In this type, it mainly helps to form different risk factors that mainly causes medium impact on different information system operations. All the types of risk exposure areas are considered with medium priority to develop and sort contingency plans. These types of areas are mainly be treated with the decrease in impact of different operations of VIC Government Information System (Zhao, Xue Whinston, 2013). Malwares, Intrusion, Design errors, and technical errors are the medium risk exposure areas Medium low risk exposure areas This medium low risk exposure areas are less causing factor that mainly causes impact on the Information Processing unit of VIC Government (Al-Hadadi Al Shidhani, 2013). This particular area is mainly given with less priority to be delivered of solution and processing. denial of service, spamming, different minor issues are the example of medium low risk exposure areas. Low risk exposure areas This area causes very minimal influence that causes impact on different operations of information processing unit of VIC Government. All risk factors processing mainly considered minimal time as well as the impact also causes very least (Demski, Poortinga Pidgeon, 2014). The Social engineering generated errors and the user generated errors are the low risk exposure areas. Comparison and Ranking of Threats Jain and Shanbhag (2012) highlighted that the accidental threat mainly have no proper causes for related operations of organization. In case of accidental threats, it mainly formed due to some different errors and mistakes that mainly caused without the consent of any personnel. Accidental threats can get sorted by taking pre-measures based on different operations occurred in Victorian Government. Apart from that, accidental threats mainly get caused due to both external as well as internal issues (Boyle, 2012). On the other side, Choi, Chun and Cho (2014) discussed that the type of deliberate threats mainly caused due to the involvement of different external influences. This type of threats is mainly caused because of any person intentional attacks. This threat mainly caused because of the uses of advanced technology that mainly harms the operation flows (Al-ahmad Mohammad, 2013). It also mainly compromise of different criminal activities as well as hacking technologies that mainly used intentionally to harm the VIC Government Information System. Accidental threats mainly get sorted with the help of different pre-planned actions of all operations depending on information processing at Victorian Government. All types of system flaws, natural disasters, system flaws are types of accidental threats based on the implementation of information system in Victorian Government. Some of deliberate threats are mainly getting caused because of the use of improvised technologies to harm the flow of different operations of VIC Government. According to Zhao, Xue and Whinston, (2013), the storage system device thefts, cyber crimes, hacking, different viruses and malware attacks are some of the deliberate threats to do the implementation of information system in Victorian Government. Both the threats are mentioned rank-wise in the below table: Rank Threat Type Example Explanation Ist Deliberate Hacking and Cyber Crimes, Theft of Storage System Device, Deliberate Data Compromise, Virus and Mal- ware Attack All of these risks are given highest priority due to their severe impact on the information system processing at the VIC Government 2nd Accidental Accidental Data Compromise, Natural Disasters, System Flaws, Unknown File Deletion, etc All these risks are give low priority due to the absence of any critical impact on the operations of information system of VIC Government Security Challenges of VIC information system The execution of information system faces different types of issues based on risk factors and also form generation of different challenges for VIC Government. The occurrence of different smart and proper operations may loose due to different types of issues (Collier Lakoff, 2015). Some of the different factors of challenges for Victorian Government includes system and data challenges, regulatory challenges, modeling challenges. System and Data Challenges: The system as well as data challenges are mainly understood for the information processing and development of various operation related issues for system data and challenges. Karokola, Kowalski and Yngstrm (2013) illustrated that both data and system challenges may resulted to form different issues related to information processing. Regulatory Challenges: Garrick and Hall (2014) opined that all types of regulatory issues of VIC Government becomes crucial as risk assessment techniques that are inter-related with development of different imperative and effective operational techniques. The fabrication of different imperative operation leads to the formation of different factors based on different Victorian Government challenges. Organizational challenges: System development causes direct implication for the proper development of different processes of operational development (Jain Shanbhag, 2012). In addition to this, Wangwe, Eloff and Venter (2012) discussed that some of organizational challenges are mainly developed to do the integration of different limited operational processing. Both smart and effective operations development mainly get slacked based on all identified operational issues. Modeling Challenges: According to Sitaram and Manjunath (2012), all modeling challenges mainly caused because of the implications of various identified errors in the system designing. It also causes issues in performance as well as operational speed of information processing. Apart from that, the information system development processes mainly face different formation issues and system incompatibility issues. Risk vs. Uncertainty in VIC information system The Victorian Government mainly remark the information processing technique to form different improved processes of data processing techniques. Hence, this particular organization mainly faced different risks and uncertainties factors for doing the development and integration (Karokola, Kowalski Yngstrm, 2013). () highlighted that the Victorian Government also faced different security hazards and risks. In addition to this, the comparison of all uncertainties and risks are provided below in the table format: Risks Description: van Deursen, Buchanan and Duff (2013) defined that risk is one of the factor that mainly causes different improper deviation of various operational end product from expected outcomes. The analysis technique mainly shown about the proper risks that plays vital role for the operational development of Victorian Government. Results: the output of risks are mainly become positive as well as negative based on the nature of operations. System of Control: the control system technique is mainly formed to integrate the operational development and also it mainly formed based on implication of different risk management procedures. According to Amin, Schwartz and Hussain (2013), risk management procedures mainly help to control the risk factors impact for Victorian Government. Probability: High probability of occurrence and would have considerable impact on the operations Effect: Impact of the risk is divergent and can be positive and negative. Uncertainties Description: according to Fan, Zhang and Yen (2014), various factors of uncertainties causes various limited and constrictive impacts on different operations. All the uncertainties of all issues related to operations of projects mainly results in the formation important issues. Result: all uncertainties outcomes can causes impact on all functions based on their operational nature of Victorian Government. System of Control: Lack of controlling techniques of operations results to cause various uncertainties of any major issue. Different important steps are considered for the acceptance of changes that leads to uncertainty (Zhao, Xue Whinston, 2013). Probability: less probability of occurrence created considerable impacts on all related functions of VIC Government. Effect: Uncertainties can causes serious impact on all different functional and non-functional operations of VIC Government. Risk Mitigation and Management in VIC Information System Based on the Victorian Government Information system, Al-Hadadi and Al Shidhani, (2013) discussed that risk assessment technique is mainly developed for the formation of improved and accurate procedures risk management and analysis in VIC Government. The Victorian Information System requires various approaches like analysis approach, investigation approach, strategy approach and 5 step procedure approach (Demski, Poortinga Pidgeon, 2014). Below block diagram of risk assessment of VIC Information System is depicted below: Risk Assessment of Victorian Information System Investigation Approach 1. Responsive approach 2. Structure Approach Analysis Approach 1. selection of best option 2. Proper analysis of the option Strategy Approach 1. Determination of proper risk management techniques 2. Development of high-level mitigation strategy 3. Identification of different actions and steps to implement the required mitigation strategies 4. Development of contingency plan of action 5 step procedure Approach 1. Avoid 2. Assume 3. Transfer 4. Control 5. Monitor Figure : Risk Mitigation and Management for VIC Information System References Al-ahmad, W., Mohammad, B. (2013). Addressing Information Security Risks by Adopting Standards. International Journal of Information Security Science, 2(2), 2843. Retrieved from https://eds.a.ebscohost.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e1bf8be9-84ad-4d50-91fa-f9414e22825c@sessionmgr4003vid=0hid=4210 Al-Hadadi, M., Al Shidhani, A. (2013). Smartphone security awareness: Time to act. In Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Current Trends in Information Technology, CTIT 2013 (pp. 166171). https://doi.org/10.1109/CTIT.2013.6749496 Amin, S., Schwartz, G., Hussain, A. (2013). In quest of benchmarking security risks to cyber-physical systems. IEEE Network, 27(1), 1924. https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.2013.6423187 Boyle, P. (2012). Surveillance or Security?: The Risks Posed by New Wiretapping Technologies. Contemporary Sociology, 41(2), 221223. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt5vjqkc Boyle, P. (2012). Surveillance or Security?: The Risks Posed by New Wiretapping Technologies. Contemporary Sociology, 41(2), 221223. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt5vjqkc Choi, J., Chun, S. A., Cho, J.-W. (2014). Smart SecureGov: Mobile Government Security Framework. In Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2014) (pp. 9199). https://doi.org/10.1145/2612733.2612756 Collier, S. J., Lakoff, A. (2015). Vital Systems Security: Reflexive Biopolitics and the Government of Emergency. Theory, Culture Society, 32(2), 1951. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276413510050 Demski, C., Poortinga, W., Pidgeon, N. (2014). Exploring public perceptions of energy security risks in the UK. Energy Policy, 66, 369378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.079 Fan, J., Zhang, P., Yen, D. C. (2014). G2G information sharing among government agencies. Information and Management, 51(1), 120128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2013.11.001 Garrick, D., Hall, J. W. (2014). Water security and society: Risks, metrics, and Pathways. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 39, 611639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-013012-093817 Garrick, D., Hall, J. W. (2014). Water security and society: Risks, metrics, and Pathways. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 39, 611639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-013012-093817 Jain, A. K., Shanbhag, D. (2012). Addressing security and privacy risks in mobile applications. IT Professional, 14(5), 2833. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2012.72 Jain, A. K., Shanbhag, D. (2012). Addressing security and privacy risks in mobile applications. IT Professional, 14(5), 2833. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2012.72 Joseph, R. C. (2012). E-Government meets social media: Realities and risks. IT Professional, 14(6), 915. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2012.89 Karokola, G., Kowalski, S., Yngstrm, L. (2013). Evaluating a framework for securing e-government services - A case of Tanzania. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 17921801). https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2013.208 Karokola, G., Kowalski, S., Yngstrm, L. (2013). Evaluating a framework for securing e-government services - A case of Tanzania. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 17921801). https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2013.208 Ofgem. (2012). Gas Security of Supply Report. Ofgem report to Government. Ofgem Report to Government. Retrieved from https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/ofgem-publications/40204/gas-sos-report.pdf Sitaram, D., Manjunath, G. (2012). Chapter 7 - Designing Cloud Security. In Moving To The Cloud (pp. 307328). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-59749-725-1.00007-X United Nations. (2012). E-Government Survey 2012. United Nations E-Government Survey 2012. https://doi.org/e-ISBN: 978-92-1-055353-7 van Deursen, N., Buchanan, W. J., Duff, A. (2013). Monitoring information security risks within health care. Computers Security, 37, 3145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2013.04.005 Wangwe, C. K., Eloff, M. M., Venter, L. (2012). A sustainable information security framework for e-Government case of Tanzania. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 18(1), 117131. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2012.661196 Xu, H., Dinev, T. (2012). The security-liberty balance: individuals attitudes towards internet government surveillance. Electronic Government, an International Journal, 9(1), 4663. https://doi.org/10.1504/EG.2012.044778 Zhao, X., Xue, L., Whinston, A. B. (2013). Managing Interdependent Information Security Risks: Cyberinsurance, Managed Security Services, and Risk Pooling Arrangements. Journal of Management Information Systems, 30(1), 123152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222300104

Writing an Art History Essay free essay sample

You must also be able to develop a thesis statement with a detailed analysis and argument about the artwork you have chosen. Therefore, you must consider what it is you want to say, and use description to make that point. In many ways, writing an Art History essay is similar to writing other types of essays in the Humanities. It requires a clear and focused topic, an arguable thesis, an organized format and structure, clear and coherent paragraphs, and a command of grammar and style.Comparison and Contrast In many beginning Art History courses, and in more advanced ones as well, oh will be asked to write a paper in which you make a comparison and contrast between two works of art (for more information about writing this type of paper, see the Writing Center handout on Comparison and Contrast). This type of essay usually requires a substantial comparative judgment of the two works, which will function as your thesis (for more information on developing a thesis statement, see the Writing Center handout Developing a Thesis Statement and see the section on thesis below). We will write a custom essay sample on Writing an Art History Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One option for a thesis statement for this kind of comparative essay could be based on how oh see the t,vow works in relation to each other and to some aspect of the human condition, or culture, or history. It could be, for example, that both artists painted peasants working in a field, but one painting suggests the oneness of humans and nature, perhaps because the figures appear to be an integral part of the field in which they are working while the other painting emphasizes the separation been humans and nature.The evidence you provide for your thesis will include your interpretation, analysis, and description of the characteristics of both works, and must at all times relate to our thesis. For example, if you are discussing horizontally or vertically, you need to first accurately and clearly describe these elements in both works and then evaluate how these visual orientations demonstrate the validity Of your thesis concerning humans as a part of nature or separate from it. Unless the assignment specifies a work-by-work approach, it is usually best that you do not divide the paper into two discrete sections: a discussion of one work of art followed by a discussion of the other. Instead, each paragraph can include discussion of both works in relation to a particular element or a well thought-out combination of elements, such as color and texture (for more information on Organization, see the Writing Center Handout Paragraph Organ action). The point of comparison or contrast that each paragraph makes must, remember, support the point of your paper, your thesis.Research Paper For information and online access to Writing Center handouts on Writing a Research Paper, Writing a Summary, Developing a Thesis Statement, or Documentation Styles, simply click on any of these headings or go to the Writing Center Handouts section of the Hunter Reading Writing Center website at http://arc. Enter. CUNY. Deed. Of course, you are always welcome to visit the Writing Center at Thomas Hunter 416, to pick up handouts and to work with a tutor. Keep in mind that this handout is a guideline. Check with your instructor on any questions you may have concerning your assignment.Thesis Statement Most academic essays seek to persuade readers to understand a specific issue in a specific way?the writers way. The writers thesis statement offers this substantial but concise assertion of her/his understanding (usually in one to two sentences in the introduction or near the beginning of the essay), hereby providing an essay with its judgmental focus (see the Writing Center Handout on Developing a Thesis Statement). Perhaps, though, in writing about art you might want to offer a well thought-out central idea rather than an overtly argumentative statement.For example, African art was a major influence on the work of Pablo Picasso states a well-documented and widely shared opinion that is interesting but uncont roversial. Of course, a paper on this topic would have to fully elaborate on that relationship and offer examples of it. The difference between an idea and a thesis statement is in heir degree of contention. The above example of a central idea could be debatable, but mainly the disagreement would arise if the writer does not adequately explain and illustrate the idea through detailed description, intelligent criticism, and analysis, and not because of the idea itself.However, in a thesis statement?such as, Picasso treatment of women in his art mirrors the distorted vision he had of women in general?it is more obvious that readers will either strongly disagree or agree, by the very nature Of the claim itself. Moreover, even if the writer advances a stimulating argument with impressive evidence in defense of the thesis, because the claim is so contentious, a reader may still disagree. Using Sources A good research paper often includes evidence from both primary and secondary sources.Whether you are using primary or secondary sources, remember to explain and analyze the passages that you have chosen from the texts (or elements you have chosen from the works), and what those passages (or elements) mean in relation to your argument. You must also prepare your reader before using passages (direct or paraphrased) by providing at least a brief background. Primary Sources Primary sources refer to the original materials (not what another author says about them). In the case of art, primary sources will most likely be the art (paintings, sculptures, installations) itself, or interviews with artists. Secondary Sources Interpreting and commenting on primary sources, secondary sources include books and articles in scholarly journals. These texts are extremely helpful as they deepen our knowledge of art and inform us of the many critical approaches to art that scholars and other specialists in the field have taken. Even though these sources are of great value, an art paper is usually not imprisoned entirely of secondary sources. Documentation: You will be required to document all four sources, Including Ideas, paraphrases, quotations, and references to a complete text. There are style manuals, such as The MALL (The Modern Language Association) Handbook and The Chicago Manual of Style, that provide guidelines for documentation, but each academic discipline has its own preference. Always check with your instructor to find out which style is preferred (see the Writing Center handouts on Quotation, Paraphrase, and Plagiarism, MALL Documentation Style, and Chicago Manual Documentation Style). Kinds of Art History Papers Formal Analysis Considers the formal parts (e. G. , framing, symmetry, perspective, etc. Of a work of art and their relationship to create new and interesting ways of seeing and understanding the work in question as a whole. The Sociological Essay Examines the influence on an artist Of belonging to a particular social group at a particular period in a particular society. This essay may also raise more general questions, such as difficulties facing female artists, artists of color, etc. The Biographical Essay Explores the relevance of an artists life to her/his art. For example, a biographical essay could detail how Harry Callahan credits Ansell Adams with influencing his photographic career.Iconography (l iteratively, image writing) Investigates the symbols in a work of art. For example, Barnett points out that in Rembrandt The Assassin the subjects of the painting appear to be Dutch citizens. However, a close examination of the paintings symbolism reveals that these figures might more accurately be identified as saints. [The following questions have been adapted from a guide written by J. S. Held, Professor Emeritus, Bernard College. ] Painting Identification Who is the artist? 3 -What is the subject or title? ?Where and when was the work painted? 2.Us object Matter What type of painting is it? A. Religious b. Historical c. Allegorical d. Genre (scene of everyday life) e. Still life f. Portrait g. Landscape h. Architectural view elf the painting seems to belong to TV0 categories, does one dominate? 3. Frame and Pictorial Area What is the actual size of the picture (height precedes width)? ?What is the proportion of height to width? What is the relationship of the shapes to the frame? Are they harmonious or accordant? Does the frame cut the shapes? 4. Technique What materials are used for support: wood, canvas, cardboard, paper?What kinds of colors are used: oil, tempura, watercolors, pastel? How is the paint applied: thickly or thinly, with a fine or coarse brush, or by other means? Are colors transparent or opaque? ?Have other materials been used, as in a collage? 5. Composition (arrangement of the parts that form the whole) organization: Is it simple or complex? Geometrically ordered or free and seemingly accidental? Do some forms dominate others? Is there symmetry? Is he painting crowded or spacious? Do the shapes vary or do they repeat? Individual units: Are there many or few?Are they large or small (in relation to both the outside world and to the picture area)? What kinds of patterns do they form? What are the proportions of solid and broken areas? Is the emphasis on central or marginal areas? Are forms multi-dimensional or flat? -Lines: Are lines clear or obscure? Angular or curved? Colors: Are they bright or subdued (saturated or low-kef)? Are there many colors or few (is the palette wide or limited)? Are the dominant colors warm reds, oranges, yellows) or cool (blues, grays, greens)?Are there moderate or extreme contrasts? Large areas or small patches? Repetitions or echoes? -Light: Is there a consistent source? Is the source inside or outside the picture? Is light used to emphasize parts of the picture, to create mood? 4 ?Space: Is the space shallow or deep, open or screened? Is the emphasis on solids or voids (intervals)? What kind of perspective is used (linear or aerial)? Is the main interest near or far? Is space suggested by in-depth or recessed planes? Is there any overlap? What is the degree of illusion? Function as the painting an altar piece, a devotional image, a cabinet picture, etc? How might function affect form? Portraits How much of the figure is shown? ?How much pictorial space does the figure occupy? What is the background or setting? ls the figure in action? 15 there any indication of the figures trade, profession, class, etc? What is the figures relationship to the spectator (intimate, aloof, etc. )? What kind of clothing is the figure wearing: rich or plain, tight or loose fitting, formal or casual, etc? What is the proportion of face to figure?Considerations for Different Types of Subject Mat ter When you write about a portrait, remember that the primary object of your analysis is not the historical personage who is the subject of your portrait, but the character the artist has created in the picture. Always remember that what you see is the artists interpretation, which Stresses aspects important to her/him or to the model, or to their time. Figural Scenes What kind of story is depicted (religious, mythological, historical, allegorical, scene from everyday life)? ls the action calm or dramatic? Are there many figures or few? Are the figures small or large in relation to the size of the picture? The setting (indoors or outdoors)? What role does the setting play? Landscape ?What is the size of the area shown? What is the spectators viewpoint? Hoffa can we see into the picture? What is What kind of place is shown: cultivated fields, woods, riverbank? Can the season or time of day be determined? What kind of human activity is shown, if any? What kind of architectural elemen ts appear and what are their thematic and spatial relationships to the site? What is the proportion Of cloud to sky? Plane to elevation?Water to land? 5 -What is the general character of the scene: attractive, forbidding, calm, turbulent, spectacular, intimate? What elements determine the effect: lighting, color scheme, spatial organization? General Observations Does the work seem spontaneous or calculated? How do the formal elements convey theme, mood, visual interest? What was the original function of the picture? Was it done for a public or private place? as it possible to make a reasoned statement about the artists aim? Does the artist wish to elevate the spirit, instruct, memorize, entertain, or satisfy her/his win need for expression? ?What is the title or subject? When and where was it made? What medium was used? What is shown? Does the subject come from Old or New Testament, classical literature, the lives Of the saints, Renaissance literature, everyday life? ?Technical mean s: Carved from stone (what kind? ), wood? Modeled in clay and then cast in bronze or glazed? Welded metal? Other? Volumes: What kind of three-dimensional forms are basic to the sculpture: geometric (conic, cubic, pyramidal), irregular (jagged, smooth, organic)? How are these forms organized? Line: Are the dominant linear elements seen in the forms themselves, or are they incised onto the surfaces of the forms? What is the relationship between linear and volumetric elements? Space: TO what degree does the figure displace space? DO the forms and space interpenetrate? Is the piece a relief that creates the illusion of space within it? Is the sculpture frontal? Does it turn in space? Was it meant to be seen from one point of view only, or from many? Color: Is color or gilding added to the sculpture? Is the color of the material of special importance?